Review of Organizational Discourse

Retraction is a mechanism for correcting the literature and alerting readers to articles that contain such seriously flawed or erroneous data that their findings and conclusions cannot be relied upon. Retractions are issued when: • Clear evidence of research misconduct (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism) • Findings are unreliable due to major error (not correctable by erratum) • The work is redundant or duplicate publication • Serious ethical violations (lack of consent, animal welfare issues) • Authors failed to disclose major competing interests

Our retraction process follows COPE guidelines: 1. Concern is raised (by authors, readers, editors, or institutions) 2. Investigation is conducted following COPE guidelines 3. Authors are notified and given opportunity to respond 4. Decision is made by the Editor-in-Chief 5. Retraction notice is published with clear explanation 6. Original article is marked as retracted (not removed) 7. Indexing services are notified The original article will remain online (for transparency) but will be clearly marked as retracted on every page.

Retraction notices will: • Be clearly labeled as a retraction • State who is retracting the article (authors, editors, publisher) • Explain the reason for retraction • Be linked to the original article • Be freely available to all readers The notice will specify whether the retraction is due to honest error or research misconduct.

A corrigendum is published when authors notify us of an error in their published work. This is used for errors that: • Do not affect the overall findings or conclusions • Were made by the authors (not the publisher) • Need to be corrected for accuracy Examples include: incorrect author affiliations, typos in data, missing acknowledgments, incorrect figure labels.

An erratum is published when the publisher identifies an error introduced during the publication process. This includes: • Typographical errors introduced during copyediting • Production errors in figures or tables • Incorrect metadata assignment • Formatting issues that affect content interpretation

An Expression of Concern may be issued when: • There is inconclusive evidence of research misconduct • Evidence of misconduct is concerning but investigation is ongoing • The authors' institution does not investigate concerns adequately • Investigation is unlikely to be concluded satisfactorily Expressions of Concern alert readers to potential problems while investigations are ongoing. They may later be replaced by a retraction or removed if concerns are resolved.